Pfizer Healthcare Ireland

Diflucan Solution for Infusion 2mg/ml (50mg/25ml)

Diflucan Solution for Infusion 2mg/ml (200mg/100ml)

- Solution for intravenous infusion: Each 1 ml contains 2 mg Fluconazole (50mg/25ml vial or 200mg/100ml vial )

For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

Solution for infusion

Diflucan 2mg/ml Solution for infusion: A clear, sterile, colourless solution

Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known; however, once these results become available, anti-infective therapy should be adjusted accordingly.

Diflucan is indicated for:

1. Genital candidiasis. Vaginal candidiasis, acute or recurrent. Candidal balanitis.

2. Mucosal candidiasis. These include oropharyngeal, oesophageal, non-invasive bronchopulmonary infections, candiduria, mucocutaneous and chronic oral atrophic candidiasis (denture sore mouth). Normal hosts and patients with compromised immune function may be treated.

3. Systemic candidiasis including candidaemia, disseminated candidiasis and other forms of invasive candidal infection. These include infections of the peritoneum, endocardium and pulmonary and urinary tracts. Candidal infections in patients with malignancy, in intensive care units or those receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy, may be treated.

4. Cryptococcosis, including cryptococcal meningitis and infections of other sites (e.g. pulmonary, cutaneous). Normal hosts and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), organ transplants or other causes of immunosuppression may be treated. Diflucan can be used as maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of cryptococcal disease in patients with AIDS.

5. Prevention of fungal infections in patients with malignancy who are predisposed to such infections as a result of cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, including bone marrow transplant patients.

6. Dermatomycoses including tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor and candida infections, only where these conditions are resistant to first line therapy or where occurrence is in immunocompromised patients.

Use in children

Diflucan should not be used for tinea capitis.

Diflucan may be administered either orally or by intravenous infusion at a rate of approximately 5-10ml/min, the route being dependent on the clinical state of the patient. On transferring from the intravenous route to the oral route or vice versa, there is no need to change the daily dose. Diflucan Intravenous Infusion is formulated in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, each 200mg (100ml bottle) containing 15mmol each of Na⁺ and Cl^-.

The daily dose of Diflucan should be based on the nature and severity of the fungal infection. Most cases of vaginal candidiasis respond to single dose therapy. Therapy for those types of infections requiring multiple dose treatment should be continued until clinical parameters or laboratory tests indicate that active fungal infection has subsided. An inadequate period of treatment may lead to recurrence of active infection. Patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis usually require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse.

Use in adults

1. Candidal vaginitis or balanitis. The usual dosage is 150mg as a single dose.

2. Mucosal Candidiasis:

Oropharyngeal candidiasis: the recommended dose is 50mg once daily for 7 to 14 days. Treatment may continue for a longer period if the physician so requires.

Atrophic oral candidiasis associated with dentures: the recommended dose is 50mg once daily for 14 days administered concurrently with local antiseptic measures to the denture.

For other candidal infections of the mucosa, (except genital candidiasis see above), e.g. oesophagitis, non-invasive bronchopulmonary infections, candiduria, mucocutaneous candidiasis etc., the recommended dose is 50mg daily, given for 14 to 30 days.

In unusually difficult cases of mucosal candidal infections the dose may be increased to 100mg daily.

3. For candidaemia, disseminated candidiasis and other invasive candidal infections: the recommended dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg once daily. Depending on the clinical response the dose may be increased to 400mg once daily. Duration of treatment is based upon the clinical response.

4a. For cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcal infections at other sites: the recommended dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg - 400mg once daily. Duration of treatment for cryptococcal infections will depend on the clinical and mycological response, but is usually at least 6 to 8 weeks for cryptococcal meningitis.

4b. For the prevention of relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS, after the patient receives a full course of primary therapy, Diflucan may be administered indefinitely at a daily dose of 100 - 200mg.

5. The recommended dosage for the prevention of candidiasis is 50 to 400mg once daily, based on the patient's risk of developing fungal infection. For patients at high risk of systemic infection e.g. patients who are anticipated to have profound or prolonged neutropenia such as during bone marrow transplantation, the recommended dose is 400mg once daily. Diflucan administration should start several days before the anticipated onset of neutropenia, and continue for 7 days after the neutrophil count rises above 1000 cells per mm³.

6. For dermal infections including tinea pedis, corporis, cruris and candida infections the recommended dosage is 150mg once weekly or 50mg once daily. Duration of treatment is normally 2 to 4 weeks but tinea pedis may require treatment for up to 6 weeks.

For tinea versicolor the recommended dose is 50mg once daily for 2 to 4 weeks.

Use in children As with similar infections in adults, the duration of treatment is based on the clinical and mycological response. Diflucan is administered as a single daily dose each day.

For children with impaired renal function, see dosing in “Use in patients with impaired renal function”.

Children over four weeks of age

The recommended dosage of Diflucan for mucosal candidiasis is 3 mg/kg daily. A loading dose of 6 mg/kg may be used on the first day to achieve steady state levels more rapidly.

For the treatment of systemic candidiasis and cryptococcal infection, the recommended dosage of fluconazole is 6-12 mg/kg daily, depending on the severity of disease.

For the prevention of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients considered at risk as a consequence of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the dose should be 3-12mg/kg daily depending on the extent and duration of the induced neutropenia. (See adult dosing).

The maximum dosage of 400 mg daily should not be exceeded in children.

Children four weeks of age and younger Neonates excrete fluconazole slowly. In the first two weeks of life the same mg/kg dosing as in older children should be used but administered every 72 hours. During weeks 3 and 4 of life, the same dose should be given every 48 hours. There are few PK data to support this posology in term new born baby (See section 5.2 - Pharmacokinetic properties).

A maximum dosage of 12mg/kg every 72 hours should not be exceeded in children in the first two weeks of life. For children between 3 and 4 weeks of life, 12mg/kg every 48 hours should not be exceeded.

The pharmacokinetics of fluconazole has not been studied in children with renal insufficiency.

Use in the elderly The normal dose should be used if there is no evidence of renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 50ml/min) the dosage schedule should be adjusted as described below.

Use in patients with impaired renal function Fluconazole is excreted predominantly in the urine as unchanged drug. No adjustments in single dose therapy are required. In patients (including children) with impaired renal function who will receive multiple doses of Diflucan, the normal recommended dose (according to indication) should be given on day 1, followed by a daily dose based on the following table:

Compatibility of Intravenous Infusion

Although further dilution is unnecessary Diflucan Intravenous Infusion is compatible with the following administration fluids:

a) Dextrose 20%

b) Ringer's solution

c) Hartmann's solution

d) Potassium chloride in dextrose

e) Sodium bicarbonate 4.2%

f) Aminofusin

g) Peritoneal dialysis solution

h) Normal saline (0.9%)

Diflucan may be infused through an existing line with one of the above listed fluids. Although no specific incompatibilities have been noted, mixing with any other drug prior to infusion is not recommended.

Diflucan should not be used in patients with known hypersensitivity to fluconazole or to related azole compounds, or any other ingredient in the formulation.

Co-administration of terfenadine is contra-indicated in patients receiving Diflucan at multiple doses of 400mg per day or higher based upon results of a multiple dose interaction study.

Co-administration of other drugs known to prolong the QT interval and which are metabolised via the enzyme CYP3A4 such as cisapride, astemizole, pimozide and quinidine are contra-indicated in patients receiving Diflucan. (See, Sections 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use and section 4.5 “Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction”).

In some patients, particularly those with serious underlying diseases such as AIDS and cancer, abnormalities of hepatic, renal, haematological and other biochemical function tests have been observed during treatment with Diflucan but the clinical significance and relationship to treatment is uncertain.

Diflucan has been associated with rare cases of serious hepatic toxicity including fatalities, primarily in patients with serious underlying medical conditions. In cases of Diflucan-associated hepatotoxicity, no obvious relationship to total daily dose, duration of therapy, sex or age of patient has been observed. Diflucan hepatotoxicity has usually been reversible on discontinuation of therapy. Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during Diflucan therapy should be monitored for the development of more serious hepatic injury. Diflucan should be discontinued if clinical signs or symptoms consistent with liver disease develop that may be attributable to Diflucan.

Patients have rarely developed exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, during treatment with fluconazole. AIDS patients are more prone to the development of severe cutaneous reactions to many drugs. If a rash develops in a patient treated for a superficial fungal infection which is considered attributable to Diflucan, further therapy with this agent should be discontinued. If patients with invasive/systemic fungal infections develop rashes, they should be monitored closely and Diflucan discontinued if bullous lesions or erythema multiforme develop.

There is little information on safety in long-term use.

In rare cases, as with other azoles, anaphylaxis has been reported.

Some azoles, including fluconazole, have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. During post-marketing surveillance, there have been very rare cases of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients taking fluconazole. Although the association of fluconazole and QT-prolongation has not been fully established, fluconazole should be used with caution in patients with potentially proarrythmic conditions such as:

• Congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation

• Cardiomyopathy, in particular when heart failure is present

• Sinus bradycardia

• Existing symptomatic arrythmias

• Concomitant medication not metabolized by CY34A but known to prolong QT interval

• Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalaemia

(See Section 4.5 Interactions with other medical products and other forms of interaction)

Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, the Lapp lactose deficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products is contraindicated:

Cisapride There have been reports of cardiac events including torsade de pointes in patients to whom fluconazole and cisapride were co-administered. . A controlled study found that concomitant fluconazole 200 mg once daily and cisapride 20 mg four times a day yielded a significant increase in cisapride plasma levels and prolongation of QTc interval. Co-administration of cisapride is contra-indicated in patients receiving fluconazole (see section 4.3 Contraindiations).

Terfenadine Because of the occurrence of serious cardiac dysrhythmias secondary to prolongation of the QTc interval in patients receiving azole antifungals in conjunction with terfenadine, interaction studies have been performed. One study at a 200mg daily dose of fluconazole failed to demonstrate a prolongation in QTc interval. Another study at a 400mg and 800mg daily dose of fluconazole demonstrated that fluconazole taken in doses of 400mg per day or greater significantly increases plasma levels of terfenadine when taken concomitantly. The combined use of fluconazole at doses of 400mg or greater with terfenadine is contra-indicated. (See “Contraindications”.) The co-administration of fluconazole at doses lower than 400mg per day with terfenadine should be carefully monitored.

Astemizole: Concomitant administration of fluconazole with astemizole may decrease the clearance of astemizole. Resulting increased plasma concentrations of astemizole can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes.Coadministration of fluconazole and astemizole is contraindicated.

Pimozide: Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of fluconazole with pimozide may result in inhibition of pimozide metabolism. Increased pimozide plasma concentrations can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Coadministration of fluconazole and pimozide is contraindicated.

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products cannot be recommended:

Erythromycin: Concomitant use of fluconazole and erythromycin has the potential to increase the risk of cardiotoxicity (prolonged QT interval, Torsades de Pointes) and consequently sudden heart death. This combination should be avoided.

Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products lead to precautions and dose adjustments:

Rifampicin Concomitant administration of fluconazole and rifampicin has resulted in a 25% decrease in the AUC and 20% shorter half-life of fluconazole. In patients receiving concomitant rifampicin, an increase in the fluconazole dose should be considered.

Hydrochlorothiazide In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, co-administration of multiple-dose hydrochlorothiazide to healthy volunteers receiving fluconazole increased plasma concentrations of fluconazole by 40%. An effect of this magnitude should not necessitate a change in the Diflucan dose regimen in subjects receiving concomitant diuretics, although the prescriber should bear it in mind.

The effect of fluconazole on other medicinal products

Fluconazole is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme 2C9 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. In addition to the observed /documented interactions mentioned below, there is a risk of increased plasma concentration of other compounds metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 co-administered with fluconazole. Therefore caution should be exercised when using these combinations and the patients should be carefully monitored. The enzyme inhibiting effect of fluconazole persists 4- 5 days after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment due to the long half-life of fluconazole (See section 4.3 Contraindications).

Alfentanil: A study observed a reduction in clearance and distribution volume as well as prolongation of T_½ of alfentanil following concomitant treatment with fluconazole. A possible mechanism of action is fluconazole's inhibition of CYP3A4. Dosage adjustment of alfentanil may be necessary.

Amitriptyline, nortriptyline: Fluconazole increases the effect of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. 5- nortriptyline and/or S-amitnptyline may be measured at initiation of the combination therapy and after one week. Dosage of amitriptyline/nortriptyline should be adjusted, if necessary

Amphotericine B: Concurrent administration of fluconazole and amphotericin B in infected normal and immunosuppressed mice showed the following results: a small additive antifungal effect in systemic infection with C. albicans, no interaction in intracranial infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, and antagonism of the two drugs in systemic infection with A. fumigatus. The clinical significance of results obtained in these studies is unknown.

Anticoagulants In an interaction study, fluconazole increased the prothrombin time (12%) after warfarin administration in healthy males. In post-marketing experiences, as with other azole antifungals, bleeding events (bruising, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, and melaena) have been reported, in association with increases in prothrombin time in patients receiving fluconazole concurrently with warfarin. Prothrombin time in patients receiving coumarin-type anticoagulants should be carefully monitored.

Azithromycin An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study in 18 healthy subjects assessed the effect of a single 1200 mg oral dose of azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of a single 800 mg oral dose of fluconazole as well as the effects of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fluconazole and azithromycin.

Benzodiazepines (short acting) Following oral administration of midazolam, fluconazole resulted in substantial increases in midazolam concentrations and psychomotor effects. This effect on midazolam appears to be more pronounced following oral administration of fluconazole than with fluconazole administered intravenously. If concomitant benzodiazepine therapy is necessary in patients being treated with fluconazole, consideration should be given to decreasing the benzodiazepine dosage, and the patients should be appropriately monitored.

Fluconazole increases the AUC of triazolam (single dose) by approximately 50%, Cmax with 20-32% and increases t½ by 25-50 % due to the inhibition of metabolism of triazolam. Dosage adjustments of triazolam may be necessary.

Carbamazepine: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of carbamazepine and an increase in serum carbamazepine of 30% has been observed. There is a risk of developing carbamazepine toxicity. Dosage adjustment of carbamazepine may be necessary depending on concentration measurements/effect.

Calcium Channel Blockers: Certain dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists (nifedipine, isradipine, amlodipine and felodipine) are metabolized by CYP3A4. Fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of the calcium channel antagonists. Frequent monitoring for adverse events is recommended.

Celecoxib: During concomitant treatment with fluconazole (200 mg daily) and celecoxib (200 mg) the celecoxib Cmax and AUC increased by 68% and 134%, respectively. Half of the celecoxib dose may be necessary when combined with fluconazole.

Ciclosporin A kinetic study in renal transplant patients found fluconazole 200mg daily to slowly increase ciclosporin concentrations. However, in another multiple dose study with 100mg daily, fluconazole did not affect ciclosporin levels in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ciclosporin plasma concentration monitoring in patients receiving fluconazole is recommended.

Cyclophosphamide: Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and fluconazole results in an increase in serum bilirubin and serum creatinine. The combination may be used while taking increased consideration to the risk of increased serum bilirubin and serum creatinine.

Fentanyl: One fatal case of possible fentanyl fluconazole interaction was reported. The author judged that the patient died from fentanyl intoxication. Furthermore, in a randomized crossover study with twelve healthy volunteers it was shown that fluconazole delayed the elimination of fentanyl significantly. Elevated fentanyl concentration may lead to respiratory depression.

Halofantrine: Fluconazole can increase halofantrine plasma concentration due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4.

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: The risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis increases when fluconazole is coadministered with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors metabolised through CYP3A4, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, or through CYP2C9, such as fluvastatin. If concomitant therapy is necessary, the patient should be observed for symptoms of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis and creatinine kinase should be monitored. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors should be discontinued if a marked increase in creatinine kinase is observed or myopathy/rhabdomyolysis is diagnosed or suspected.

Losartan: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite (E-31 74) which is responsible for most of the angiotensin Il-receptor antagonism which occurs during treatment with losartan. Patients should have their blood pressure monitored continuously.

Methadone: Fluconazole may enhance the serum concentration of methadone. Dosage adjustment of methadone may be necessary.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: The Cmax and AUC of flurbiprofen was increased by 23% and 81%, respectively, when coadministered with fluconazole compared to administration of flurbiprofen alone. Similarly, the Cmax and AUC of the pharmacologically active isomer [S-(+)-ibuprofen] was increased by 15% and 82%, respectively, when fluconazole was coadministered with racemic ibuprofen (400 mg) compared to administration of racemic ibuprofen alone.

Although not specifically studied, fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of other NSAIDs that are metabolized by CYP2C9 (e.g. naproxen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, diclofenac). Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to NSAIDs is recommended. Adjustment of dosage of NSAIDs may be needed.

Oral contraceptives Two pharmacokinetic studies with combined oral contraceptives have been performed using multiple doses of fluconazole. There were no relevant effects on either hormone level in the 50mg fluconazole study, while at 200mg daily the AUCs of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel were increased 40% and 24% respectively. In a 300 mg daily fluconazole study, the AUCs of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone were increased by 24% and 13%, respectively. Thus multiple dose use of fluconazole at these doses is unlikely to have an effect on the efficacy of the combined oral contraceptive.

Phenytoin Concomitant administration of fluconazole and phenytoin may increase the levels of phenytoin to a clinically significant degree. If it is necessary to administer both drugs concomitantly, phenytoin levels should be monitored and the phenytoin dose adjusted to maintain therapeutic levels.

Pimozide: Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of fluconazole with pimozide may result in inhibition of pimozide metabolism. Increased pimozide plasma concentrations can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Coadministration of fluconazole and pimozide is contraindicated.

Prednisone: There was a case report that a liver-transplanted patient treated with prednisone developed acute adrenal cortex insufficiency when a three month therapy with fluconazole was discontinued. The discontinuation of fluconazole presumably caused an enhanced CYP3A4 activity which led to increased metabolism of prednisone. Patients on long-term treatment with fluconazole and prednisone should be carefully monitored for adrenal cortex insufficiency when fluconazole is discontinued.

Rifabutin There have been reports that an interaction exists when fluconazole is administered concomitantly with rifabutin, leading to increased serum levels of rifabutin. There have been reports of uveitis in patients to whom fluconazole and rifabutin were co-administered. Patients receiving rifabutin and fluconazole concomitantly should be carefully monitored

Saquinavir: Fluconazole increases the AUC of saquinavir with approximately 50%, Cmax with approximately 55% and decreases clearance of saquinavir with approximately 50% due to inhibition of saquinavir's hepatic metabolism by CYP3A4 and inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Dosage adjustment of saquinavir may be necessary.

Sirolimus: Fluconazole increases plasma concentrations of sirolimus presumably by inhibiting the metabolism of sirolimus via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. This combination may be used with a dosage adjustment of sirolimus depending on the effect/concentration measurements.

Endogenous steroid Fluconazole 50mg daily does not affect endogenous steroid levels in females. 200-400mg daily has no clinically significant effect on endogenous steroid levels or on ACTH stimulated response in healthy male volunteers.

Sulphonylureas Fluconazole has been shown to prolong the serum half-life of concomitantly administered oral sulphonylureas (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide and tolbutamide) in healthy volunteers. Fluconazole and oral sulphonylureas may be co-administered to diabetic patients, but the possibility of a hypoglycaemic episode should be borne in mind.

Tacrolimus There have been reports that an interaction exists when fluconazole is administered concomitantly with tacrolimus, leading to increased serum levels of tacrolimus. There have been reports of nephrotoxicity in patients to whom fluconazole and tacrolimus were co-administered. Patients receiving tacrolimus and fluconazole concomitantly should be carefully monitored.

Theophylline In a placebo-controlled interaction study, the administration of fluconazole 200mg for 14 days resulted in an 18% decrease in the mean plasma clearance of theophylline. Patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline or who are otherwise at increased risk for theophylline toxicity should be observed for signs of theophylline toxicity while receiving fluconazole and the therapy modified appropriately if signs of toxicity develop.

Vinca Alkaloids: Although not studied, fluconazole may increase the plasma levels of the vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine and vinblastine) and lead to neurotoxicity, which is possibly due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4.

Vitamin A: Based on a case-report in one patient receiving combination therapy with all-trans-retinoid acid (an acid form of vitamin A) and fluconazole, CNS related undesirable effects have developed in the form of pseudotumour cerebri, which disappeared after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment. This combination may be used but the incidence of CNS related undesirable effects should be borne in mind.

Zidovudine Two kinetic studies resulted in increased levels of zidovudine most likely caused by the decreased conversion of zidovudine to its major metabolite. One study determined zidovudine levels in AIDS or ARC patients before and following fluconazole 200mg daily for 15 days. There was a significant increase in zidovudine AUC (20%). A second randomised, two-period, two-treatment cross-over study examined zidovudine levels in HIV infected patients. On two occasions, 21 days apart, patients received zidovudine 200mg every eight hours either with or without fluconazole 400mg daily for seven days. The AUC of zidovudine significantly increased (74%) during co-administration with fluconazole. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the development of zidovudine-related adverse reactions.

Interaction studies have shown that when oral Diflucan is co-administered with food, cimetidine, antacids or following total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation, no clinically significant impairment of fluconazole absorption occurs.

Physicians should be aware that drug-drug interaction studies with other medications have not been conducted, but that such interactions may occur.

Fluvastatin

A study in healthy volunteers demonstrated that fluconazole increased the mean area under the plasma fluvastatin concentration time curve by 84%, the mean elimination half life of fluvastatin by 80% and its mean peak plasma concentration by 44%. Caution should therefore be exercised when fluvastatin is administered concomitantly with fluconazole.

.Data from several hundred pregnant women treated with standard doses (<200 mg/day) of fluconazole, administered as a single or repeated dosage in the first trimester, show no undesired effects in the foetus

There have been reports of multiple congential abnormalities in infants whose mothers were being treated for 3 or more months with high dose (400 – 800mg/day) fluconazole therapy for coccidioidomycosis. The relationship between fluconazole use and these events is unclear.

Animal studies show teratogenic effects (see section 5.3).

Use in pregnancy should be avoided except in patients with severe or potentially life-threatening fungal infections in whom fluconazole may be used if the anticipated benefit outweighs the possible risk to the fetus.

Use during lactation Fluconazole is found in human breast milk at concentrations similar to plasma, hence its use in nursing mothers is not recommended.

When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or seizures may occur.

Fluconazole is generally well tolerated. In some patients, particularly those with serious underlying diseases such as AIDS and cancer, changes in renal and haematological function test results and hepatic abnormalities have been observed during treatment with fluconazole and comparative agents, but the clinical significance and relationship to treatment is uncertain (see Section 4.4 “Special warnings and special precautions for use”).

The following undesirable effects have been observed and reported during treatment with fluconazole with the following frequencies: Very common (1/10); common (1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (1/1,000 to 1/100); rare (1/10,000 to 1/1,000); very rare (1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated form the available data).

Paediatric Population

The pattern and incidence of side effects and laboratory abnormalities recorded during paediatric clinical trials are comparable to those seen in adults.

There have been reports of overdosage with fluconazole and in one case, a 42 year-old patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus developed hallucinations and exhibited paranoid behaviour after reportedly ingesting 8200mg of fluconazole. The patient was admitted to the hospital and his condition resolved within 48 hours.

In the event of overdosage, supportive measures and symptomatic treatment, with gastric lavage if necessary, may be adequate.

As fluconazole is largely excreted in the urine, forced volume diuresis would probably increase the elimination rate. A three hour haemodialysis session decreases plasma levels by approximately 50%.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Triazole derivatives, ATC code J02AC.

Fluconazole, a member of the triazole class of antifungal agents, is a potent and selective inhibitor of fungal enzymes necessary for the synthesis of ergosterol.

Fluconazole shows little pharmacological activity in a wide range of animal studies. Some prolongation of pentobarbitone sleeping times in mice (p.o.), increased mean arterial and left ventricular blood pressure and increased heart rate in anaesthetised cats (i.v.) occurred. Inhibition of rat ovarian aromatase was observed at high concentrations.

Both orally and intravenously administered fluconazole was active in a variety of animal fungal infection models. Activity has been demonstrated against opportunistic mycoses, such as infections with Candida spp. including systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised animals; with Cryptococcus neoformans, including intracranial infections; with Microsporum spp. and with Trichophyton spp. Fluconazole has also been shown to be active in animal models of endemic mycoses, including infections with Blastomyces dermatitides; with Coccidoides immitis, including intracranial infection and with Histoplasma capsulatum in normal and immunosuppressed animals.

There have been reports of cases of superinfection with Candida species other than C. albicans, which are often inherently not susceptible to fluconazole (e.g. Candida krusei). Such cases may require alternative antifungal therapy.

Fluconazole is highly specific for fungal cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes. Fluconazole 50mg daily given up to 28 days has been shown not to affect testosterone plasma concentrations in males or steroid concentrations in females of child-bearing age. Fluconazole 200-400mg daily has no clinically significant effect on endogenous steroid levels or on ACTH stimulated response in healthy male volunteers. Interaction studies with antipyrine indicate that single or multiple doses of fluconazole 50mg do not affect its metabolism.

The efficacy of fluconazole in tinea capitis has been studied in 2 randomised controlled trials in a total of 878 patients comparing fluconazole with griseofulvin. Fluconazole at 6 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks was not superior to griseofulvin administered at 11 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. The overall success rate at week 6 was low (fluconazole 6 weeks: 18.3%; fluconazole 3 weeks: 14.7%; griseofulvin: 17.7%) across all treatment groups. These findings are not inconsistent with the natural history of tinea capitis without therapy

The pharmacokinetic properties of fluconazole are similar following administration by the intravenous or oral route. After oral administration fluconazole is well absorbed, and plasma levels (and systemic bioavailability) are over 90% of the levels achieved after intravenous administration. Oral absorption is not affected by concomitant food intake. Peak plasma concentrations in the fasting state occur between 0.5 and 1.5 hours post dose with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 30 hours. Plasma concentrations are proportional to dose. Ninety percent steady-state levels are reached by day 4 -5 with multiple once daily dosing.

Administration of a loading dose (on day 1) of twice the usual daily dose enables plasma levels to approximate to 90% steady-state levels by day 2. The apparent volume of distribution approximates to total body water. Plasma protein binding is low (11-12%).

Fluconazole achieves good penetration into all body fluids studied. The levels of fluconazole in saliva and sputum are similar to plasma levels. In patients with fungal meningitis, fluconazole levels in the CSF are approximately 80% the corresponding plasma levels.

High skin concentrations of fluconazole, above serum concentrations, are achieved in the stratum corneum, epidermis-dermis and eccrine sweat. Fluconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum. At a dose of 50mg once daily, the concentration of fluconazole after 12 days was 73 microgram/g and 7 days after cessation of treatment the concentration was still 5.8 microgram/g.

The major route of excretion is renal with approximately 80% of the administered dose appearing in the urine as unchanged drug. Fluconazole clearance is proportional to creatinine clearance. There is no evidence of circulating metabolites.

The long plasma elimination half-life provides the basis for single dose therapy for genital candidiasis and once-daily dosing in the treatment of all other indicated fungal infections.

A study compared the saliva and plasma concentrations of a single fluconazole 100mg dose administration in a capsule or in an oral suspension by rinsing and retaining in mouth for 2 minutes and swallowing. The maximum concentration of fluconazole in saliva after the suspension was observed 5 minutes after ingestion, and was 182 times higher than the maximum saliva concentration after the capsule which occurred 4 hours after ingestion. After about 4 hours, the saliva concentrations of fluconazole were similar. The mean AUC (0-96) in saliva was significantly greater after the suspension compared to the capsule. There was no significant difference in the elimination rate from saliva or the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for the two formulations.

Pharmacokinetics in Children

Pharmacokinetic data were assessed for 113 paediatric patients from 5 studies; 2 single dose studies, 2 multiple dose studies and a study in premature neonates. Data from 1 study were not interpretable due to changes in formulation partway through the study. Additional data were available from a compassionate use study.

After administration of 2 - 8 mg/kg fluconazole to children between the ages of 9 months to 15 years, an AUC of about 38 µg.h/ml was found per 1 mg/kg dose units. The average fluconazole plasma elimination half-life varied between 15 and 18 hours and the distribution volume was approximately 880 ml/kg after multiple doses. A higher fluconazole plasma elimination half-life of approximately 24 hours was found after a single dose. This is comparable with the fluconazole plasma elimination half-life after a single administration of 3 mg/kg i.v. to children of 11 days- 11 months old. The distribution volume in this age group was about 950 ml/kg.

Experience with fluconazole in neonates is limited to pharmacokinetic studies in premature new-borns. The mean age at first dose was 24 hours (range 9-36 hours) and mean birth weight was 0.9 Kg (range 0.75-1.10 Kg) for 12 pre-term neonates of average gestation around 28 weeks.

Seven patients completed the protocol; a maximum of five 6mg/Kg intravenous infusions of fluconazole were administered every 72 hours. The mean half-life (hours) was 74 (range 44-185) on day 1 which decreased with time to a mean of 53 (range 30-131) on day 7 and 47 (range 27-68) on day 13. The area under the curve (microgram.h/ml) was 271 (range 173-385) on day 1 and increased with a mean of 490 (range 292-734) on day 7 and decreased with a mean of360 (range 167-566) on day 13. The volume of distribution (ml/kg) was 1183 (range 1070-1470) on day 1 and increased with time to a mean of 1184 (range 510-2130) on day 7 and 1328 (range 1040-1680) on day 13.

Pharmacokinetics in Elderly

A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 22 subjects, 65 years of age or older receiving a single 50 mg oral dose of fluconazole. Ten of these patients were concomitantly receiving diuretics. The C_max was 1.54 mcg/ml and occurred at 1.3 hours post dose. The mean AUC was 76.4 ± 20.3 mcgh/ml, and the mean terminal half-life was 46.2 hours. These pharmacokinetic parameter values are higher than analogous values reported for normal young male volunteers. Coadministration of diuretics did not significantly alter AUC or C_max. In addition, creatinine clearance (74 ml/min), the percent of drug recovered unchanged in urine (0-24 hr, 22%) and the fluconazole renal clearance estimates (0.124 ml/min/kg) for the elderly were generally lower than those of younger volunteers. Thus, the alteration of fluconazole disposition in the elderly appears to be related to reduced renal function characteristic of this group. A plot of each subject's terminal elimination half-life versus creatinine clearance compared with the predicted half-life - creatinine clearance curve derived from normal subjects and subjects with varying degrees of renal insufficiency indicated that 21 of 22 subjects fell within the 95% confidence limit of the predicted half-life - creatinine clearance curves. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that higher values for the pharmacokinetic parameters observed in the elderly subjects compared with normal young male volunteers are due to the decreased kidney function that is expected in the elderly.

Reproductive Toxicity There were no fetal effects at 5 or 10 mg/kg; increases in fetal anatomical variants (supernumerary ribs, renal pelvis dilation) and delays in ossification were observed at 25 and 50mg/kg and higher doses. At doses ranging from 80mg/kg (approximately 20-60x the recommended human dose) to 320mg/kg embryolethality in rats was increased and fetal abnormalities included wavy ribs, cleft palate and abnormal cranio-facial ossification. These effects are consistent with the inhibition of oestrogen synthesis in rats and may be a result of known effects of lowered oestrogen on pregnancy, organogenesis and parturition.

Carcinogenesis Fluconazole showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential in mice and rats treated orally for 24 months at doses of 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg/day. Male rats treated with 5 and 10mg/kg/day had an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas.

Mutagenesis Fluconazole, with or without metabolic activation, was negative in tests for mutagenicity in 4 strains of S.typhimurium and in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y system. Cytogenetic studies in vivo (murine bone marrow cells, following oral administration of fluconazole) and in vitro (human lymphocytes exposed to fluconazole at 1000µg/ml) showed no evidence of chromosomal mutations.

Impairment of fertility Fluconazole did not affect the fertility of male or female rats treated orally with daily doses of 5, 10 or 20mg/kg or with parenteral doses of 5, 25 or 75mg/kg, although the onset of parturition was slightly delayed at 20mg/kg p.o. In an intravenous perinatal study in rats at 5, 20 and 40mg/kg, dystocia and prolongation of parturition were observed in a few dams at 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, but not at 5mg/kg. The disturbances in parturition were reflected by a slight increase in the number of still-born pups and decrease of neonatal survival at these dose levels. The effects on parturition in rats are consistent with the species specific oestrogen-lowering property produced by high doses of fluconazole. Such a hormone change has not been observed in women treated with fluconazole.

Diflucan Intravenous Infusion

Sodium chloride

Water for injection.

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products

5 years.

For single use only. Discard any remaining solution.

Do not store above 30°C. Do not freeze.

Diflucan Intravenous Infusion

A 30ml and 100 ml, Type I glass infusion vial sealed with a rubber stopper and an aluminium overcap.

Diflucan Intravenous Infusion

Do not freeze. The infusion does not contain any preservative. It is for single use only. Discard any remaining solution.

Pfizer Limited

Sandwich

Kent CT13 9NJ

United Kingdom

Diflucan Intravenous Infusion 2 mg/ml (25ml) PA 19/44/6

Diflucan Intravenous Infusion 2 mg/ml (100ml) PA 19/44/8

January 2011

S1B

DF 16_0