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The frequency of adverse reactions reported is based on a cumulative database of 1,893 patients receiving single agent carboplatin injection and post-marketing experience.
The list is presented by system organ class, MedDRA preferred term, and frequency using the following frequency categories: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100, < 1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000, <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000, <1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
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System Organ Class
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Frequency
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MedDRA Term
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Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps)
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Not known
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Treatment related secondary malignancy
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Infections and infestations
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Common
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Infections*
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Not known
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Pneumonia
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Blood and lymphatic system disorders
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Very common
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Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, anaemia
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Common
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Haemorrhage*
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Not known
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Bone marrow failure, febrile neutropenia, hemolytic-uraemic syndrome, haemolytic anaemia
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Immune system disorders
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Common
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Hypersensitivity, anaphylactoid type reaction
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Metabolism and nutrition disorders
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Not known
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Dehydration, anorexia, hyponatraemia, Tumor lysis syndrome
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Nervous system disorders
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Common
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Neuropathy peripheral, paraesthesia, decrease of osteotendinous reflexes, sensory disturbance, dysgeusia
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Not known
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Cerebrovascular accident*, encephalopathy, Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS)
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Eye disorders
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Common
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Visual disturbance (including rare cases of loss of vision)
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Ear and labyrinth disorders
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Common
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Ototoxicity
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Cardiac disorders
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Common
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Cardiovascular disorder*
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Not known
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Cardiac failure*, Kounis syndrome (vasospastic allergic angina)
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Vascular disorders
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Not known
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Embolism*, hypertension, hypotension, venoocclusive disease (fatal)
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Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
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Common
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Respiratory disorder, interstitial lung disease, bronchospasm
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Gastrointestinal disorders
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Very common
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Vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain
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Common
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Diarrhoea, constipation, mucous membrane disorder
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Not known
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Stomatitis, pancreatitis
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Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
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Common
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Alopecia, skin disorder
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Not known
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Urticaria, rash, erythema, pruritus
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Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
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Common
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Musculoskeletal disorder
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Renal and urinary disorders
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Common
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Urogenital disorder
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General disorders and administration site conditions
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Common
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Asthenia
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Not known
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Injection site necrosis, injection site reaction, injection site extravasation, injection site erythema, malaise
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Investigations
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Very common
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Creatinine renal clearance decreased, blood urea increased, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, liver function test abnormal, blood sodium decreased, blood potassium decreased, blood calcium decreased, blood magnesium decreased.
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Common
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Blood bilirubin increased, blood creatinine increased, blood uric acid increased
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* Fatal in <1%, fatal cardiovascular events in <1% included cardiac failure, embolism, and cerebrovascular accident combined.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders:
Myelosuppression is the dose limiting toxicity of Carboplatin. It is generally reversible and not cumulative when Carboplatin is used as a single agent at recommended frequencies of administration. In patients with normal baseline values, thrombocytopenia with platelet counts below 50,000/mm3 occurs in 25% of patients, neutropenia with granulocyte counts below 1,000/mm3 in 18% of patients, and leukopenia with WBC counts below 2,000/mm3 in 14% of patients. The nadir usually occurs on day 21. Myelosuppression can be worsened by combination of carboplatin injection with other myelosuppressive compounds or forms of treatment.
Anaemia with haemoglobin values below 8 g/dL has been observed in 15% of patients with normal baseline values. The incidence of anaemia is increased with increasing exposure to carboplatin injection.
Myelosuppression may be more severe and prolonged in patients with impaired renal function, extensive prior treatment, in particular in patients previously treated with cisplatin, poor performance status and age above 65. These effects, although usually reversible, have resulted in infectious and hemorrhagic complications in 4% and 5% of patients given carboplatin injection, respectively. These complications have led to death in less than 1% of patients.
Immune system disorders:
Anaphylactic-type reactions, sometimes fatal, may occur in the minutes following injection of the product, including: tachycardia, bronchospasm, dyspnoea, hypotension, dizziness, wheezing, urticaria, facial oedema, and anaphylactic shock. These reactions are similar to those observed after administration of other platinum containing compounds and should be managed with appropriate supportive therapy.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Breathing difficulties, such as dyspnoea and tightness of the chest have been reported in patients treated with carboplatin. Pulmonary fibrosis has been reported and should be considered if a pulmonary hypersentitivity state is excluded.
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Nausea without vomiting occurs in 15% of patients receiving carboplatin; vomiting has been reported in 65% of the patients and about one-third of these suffer severe emesis. Previously treated patients (in particular patients previously treated with cisplatin) appear to be more prone to vomiting. Nausea and vomiting usually disappear within 24 hours after treatment and are usually responsive to (and may be prevented by) anti-emetic medication. Vomiting is more likely when carboplatin injection is given in combination with other emetogenic compounds. The other gastro-intestinal complaints corresponded to pain in 8% of patients, diarrhoea, and constipation in 6 % of patients.
Nervous system disorders:
The incidence of peripheral neuropathies after treatment with Carboplatin is 4%. In the majority of patients neurotoxicity is limited to paraesthesia and decreased deep tendon (osteotendinous) reflexes. The frequency and intensity of this side effect increases in patients older than 65 years and in those previously treated with cisplatin, as well as those receiving prolonged treatment with carboplatin injection. Paraesthesia present before commencing carboplatin therapy particularly if related to prior cisplatin treatment may persist or worsen during treatment with carboplatin.
Clinically significant-sensory disturbances (ie, visual disturbances and taste modifications) have occurred in 1% of patients.
The overall frequency of neurologic side effects seems to be increased in patients receiving carboplatin injection in combination. This may also be related to longer cumulative exposure.
Neoplasms, benign and malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)
Secondary acute malignancies after cytostatic combination therapies containing carboplatin have been reported.
Eye disorders:
Transient visual disturbances, sometimes including transient sight loss, have been commonly reported with platinum therapy. This is usually associated with high dose therapy in renally impaired patients.
Ear and labyrinth disorders:
Auditory defects out of the speech range with impairments in the high frequency (4,000 – 8,000 Hz) were found in serial audiometric investigations with a frequency of 15%. Very rare cases of hypoacusia have been reported.
In patients who have been previously treated with cisplatin and have a hearing organ predamaged due to cisplatin, a further exacerbation in the hearing function sometimes occurs during treatment with carboplatin. At higher than recommended doses, in combination with other ototoxic agents, clinically significant hearing loss has been reported to occur in paediatric patients when carboplatin was administered.
Hepatobiliary disorders:
Modification of liver function in patients with normal baseline values was observed, including elevation of total bilirubin in 5%, SGOT in 15%, and alkaline phosphatase in 24% of patients. These modifications were generally mild and reversible in about one-half the patients. Elevations in SGPT occur less frequently.
In a limited series of patients receiving very high dosages of carboplatin injection and autologous bone marrow transplantation, severe elevation of liver function tests has occurred.
Cases of an acute, fulminant liver cell necrosis occured after high-dosed administration of carboplatin.
Cardiovascular disorders:
Isolated cases of cardiovascular incidents (cardiac insufficiency, embolism) as well as isolated cases of cerebrovascular accidents have been reported.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Alopecia is common.
Renal and urinary disorders:
Renal toxicity is not usually dose limiting in patients receiving Carboplatin, nor does it require preventative measures such as high volume fluid hydration or forced diuresis. When given in usual doses, development of abnormal renal function has been uncommon, despite the fact that carboplatin injection has been administered without high-volume fluid hydration and/or forced diuresis. Elevation of serum creatinine occurs in 6% of patients, elevation of blood urea nitrogen in 14%, and of uric acid in 5% of patients. These are usually mild and are reversible in about one-half the patients. Creatinine clearance has proven to be the most sensitive renal function measure in patients receiving carboplatin injection. Twenty-seven percent (27%) of patients who have a baseline value of 60 mL/min or greater, experience a reduction in creatinine clearance during carboplatin injection therapy.
The incidence and severity of nephrotoxicity may increase in patients who have impaired kidney function before carboplatin treatment. It is not clear whether an appropriate hydration programme might overcome such an effect, but dosage reduction or discontinuation of therapy is required in the presence of severe alteration in renal function tests.
Investigations:
Decreases in serum sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium occur in 29%, 20%, 22%, and 29% of patients, respectively. In particular, cases of early hyponatraemia have been reported. The electrolyte losses are minor and mostly take a course without any clinical symptoms.
General disorders and administration site conditions:
Reactions at the site of injection (burning, pain, reddening, swelling, urticaria, necrosis in connection with extravasation) have been reported.
Fever and chills as well as mucositis have occasionally been observed.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:
Ireland
HPRAPharmacovigilance
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie
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