Abbott Healthcare Products Limited

Fematab^® 2 mg Film-coated tablet

Each film coated tablet contains:

Estradiol hemihydrate equivalent to 2 mg estradiol per tablet.

Excipients - Contains Lactose Monohydrate 118.2mg

For a full list of excipients, see 6.1.

Round, biconvex, brick-red film-coated tablet with inscription “379” on one side.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for estrogen deficiency symptoms in menopausal women.

Prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of future fractures who are intolerant of, or contraindicated for, other medicinal products approved for the prevention of osteoporosis.

(See also section 4.4)

The experience of treating women older than 65 years is limited.

Fematab is an estrogen only continuous HRT for women with or without a uterus.

In women with a uterus, a progestagen such as Dydrogesterone 10mg, should be added to Fematab for 12-14 days each month to reduce the risk to the endometrium. Unless there is a previous diagnosis of endometriosis, it is not recommended to add a progestagen in hysterectomised women.

In general, treatment should start with Fematab 1mg. Depending on the clinical response, the dosage can afterwards be adjusted to individual need. If the complaints linked to estrogen deficiency are not ameliorated the dosage can be increased by using Fematab 2mg.

The dosage is one tablet per day. Fematab should be taken continuously without a break between packs.

Fematab can be taken with or without food.

Starting Fematab

In women who are not taking hormone replacement therapy, have established amenorrhoea, are hysterectomised, or women who switch from a continuous combined hormone replacement therapy, treatment may be started on any convenient day. In women transferring from a cyclic or continuous sequential HRT regimen, treatment should begin the day following completion of the prior regimen. If the patient is menstruating, treatment is started within five days of the start of bleeding

If a dose has been forgotten, it should be taken as soon as possible. When more than 12 hours have elapsed, it is recommended to continue with the next dose without taking the forgotten tablet. The likelihood of breakthrough bleeding or spotting may be increased.

For initiation and continuation of treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration (see also section 4.4) should be used.

Non hyterectomized women without opposing progestogen

Known, past or suspected breast cancer.

Known or suspected estrogen-dependent malignant tumours (e.g. endometrial cancer).

Undiagnosed genital bleeding.

Untreated endometrial hyperplasia.

Previous idiopathic or current venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism).

Active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident).

Acute liver disease, or a history of liver disease as long as liver function tests have failed to return to normal.

Known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients;

Porphyria.

For the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, HRT should only be initiated for symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. In all cases, a careful appraisal of the risks and benefits should be undertaken at least annually and HRT should only be continued as long as the benefit outweighs the risk.

Medical examination/follow up

Before initiating or reinstituting HRT, a complete personal and family medical history should be taken. Physical (including pelvic and breast) examination should be guided by this and by the contraindications and warnings for use. During treatment, periodic check-ups are recommended of a frequency and nature adapted to the individual woman. Women should be advised what changes in their breasts should be reported to their doctor or nurse (see "breast cancer" below). Investigations, including mammography, should be carried out in accordance with currently accepted screening practices, modified to the clinical needs of the individual.

Conditions which need supervision

If any of the following conditions are present, have occurred previously, and/or have been aggravated during pregnancy or previous hormone treatment, the patient should be closely supervised. It should be taken into account that these conditions may recur or be aggravated during treatment with Fematab, in particular:

- Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) or endometriosis.

- A history of, or risk factors for, thromboembolic disorders (see below).

- Risk factors for estrogen dependent tumours, e.g. 1^st degree heredity for breast cancer.

- Hypertension.

- Liver disorders (e.g. liver adenoma).

- Diabetes mellitus with or without vascular involvement.

- Cholelithiasis.

- Migraine or (severe) headache.

- Systemic lupus erythematosus.

- A history of endometrial hyperplasia (see below).

- Epilepsy.

- Asthma.

- Otosclerosis.

Reasons for immediate withdrawal of therapy:

Therapy should be discontinued in cases where a contra-indication is discovered and in the following situations:

- Jaundice or deterioration in liver function.

- Significant increase in blood pressure.

- New onset of migraine-type headache.

- Pregnancy.

Endometrial hyperplasia

For oral doses of estradiol >2mg, and patches >50μg/day the endometrial safety of added progesterones have not been studied.

Break-through bleeding and spotting may occur during the first few months of treatment. If break-through bleeding or spotting appears after some time on therapy, or continues after treatment has been discontinued, the reason should be investigated, which may include endometrial biopsy to exclude endometrial malignancy.

Unopposed estrogen stimulation may lead to premalignant or malignant transformation in the residual foci of endometriosis. Therefore, the addition of progestagens to estrogen replacement therapy should be considered in women who have undergone hysterectomy because of endometriosis, if they are known to have residual endometriosis.

Breast Cancer

A randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Womens Health Initiative study (WHI) and epidemiological studies, including the Million Women Study (MWS), have reported an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking estrogens, estrogen-progestagen combinations or tibolone for HRT for several years (see Section 4.8).

For all HRT, an excess risk becomes apparent within a few years of use and increases with duration of intake but returns to baseline within a few (at most five) years after stopping treatment.

In the MWS, the relative risk of breast cancer with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) or estradiol (E2) was greater when a progestagen was added, either sequentially or continuously, and regardless of type of progestagen. There was no evidence of a difference in risk between the different routes of administration.

In the WHI study, the continuous combined conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE + MPA) product used was associated with breast cancers that were slightly larger in size and more frequently had local lymph node metastases compared to placebo.

HRT, especially estrogen-progestagen combined treatment, increases the density of mammographic images which may adversely affect the radiological detection of breast cancer.

Venous thromboembolism

HRT is associated with a higher relative risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. One randomised controlled trial and epidemiological studies found a two-to threefold higher risk for users compared with non-users. For non-users, it is estimated that the number of cases of VTE that will occur over a 5 year period is about 3 per 1000 women aged 50-59 years and 8 per 1000 women aged between 60-69 years. It is estimated that in healthy women who use HRT for 5 years, the number of additional cases of VTE over a 5 year period will be between 2 and 6 (best estimate=4) per 1000 women aged 50-59 years and between 5 and 15 (best estimate = 9) per 1000 women aged 60-69 years. The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of HRT than later.

• Generally recognised risk factors for VTE include a personal or family history and severe obesity (BMI >30 kg/m²) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no consensus about the possible role of varicose veins in VTE.

• Patients with a history of VTE or known thrombophilic states have an increased risk of VTE. HRT may add to this risk. Personal or strong family history of thromboembolism or recurrent spontaneous abortion should be investigated in order to exclude a thrombophilic predisposition. Until a thorough evaluation of thrombophilic factors has been made or anticoagulant treatment initiated, use of HRT in such patients should be viewed as contraindicated. Those women already on anticoagulant treatment require careful consideration of the benefit-risk of use of HRT.

• The risk of VTE may be temporarily increased with prolonged immobilisation, major trauma or major surgery. As in all postoperative patients, scrupulous attention should be given to prophylactic measures to prevent VTE following surgery. Where prolonged immobilisation is liable to follow elective surgery, particularly abdominal or orthopaedic surgery to the lower limbs, consideration should be given to temporarily stopping HRT 4 to 6 weeks earlier, if possible. Treatment should not be restarted until the women is completely mobilised.

• If VTE develops after initiating therapy, the drug should be discontinued. Patients should be told to contact their doctors immediately when they are aware of a potential thromboembolic symptom (e.g. painful swelling of a leg, sudden pain in the chest, dyspnea).

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials of cardiovascular benefit with continuous combined conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Two large clinical trials (WHI and HERS i.e. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study) showed a possible increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity in the first year of use and no overall benefit. For other HRT products there are only limited data from randomised controlled trials examining effects in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Therefore, it is uncertain whether these findings also extend to other HRT products.

Stroke

One large randomised clinical trial (WHI-trial) found, as a secondary outcome, an increased risk of ischaemic stroke in healthy women during treatment with continuous combined conjugated estrogens and MPA. For women who do not use HRT, it is estimated that the number of cases of stroke that will occur over a 5 year period is about 3 per 1000 women aged 50-59 and 11 per 1000 women aged 60-69 years. It is estimated that for women who use conjugated estrogens and MPA for 5 years, the number of additional cases will be between 0 and 3 (best estimate = 1) per 1000 users aged 50-59 years and between 1 and 9 (best estimate = 4) per 1000 users aged 60-69 years. It is unknown whether the increased risk also extends to other HRT products.

Ovarian cancer

Long-term (at least 5 to 10 years) use of estrogen-only HRT products in hysterectomised women has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in some epidemiological studies. It is uncertain whether long term use of combined HRT confers a different risk than estrogen-only products

Other conditions

• Estrogens may cause fluid retention, and therefore patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction should be carefully observed. Patients with terminal renal insufficiency should be closely observed, since it is expected that the level of circulating active ingredients in Fematab is increased.

• Women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia should be followed closely during estrogen replacement or hormone replacement therapy, since rare cases of large increases of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis have been reported with estrogen therapy in this condition.

• Estrogens increase thyroid binding globulin (TBG), leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radio-immunoassay) or T3 levels (by radio-immunoassay). T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e. corticoid binding globulin (CBG), sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free or biological active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).

• There is no conclusive evidence for improvement of cognitive function. There is some evidence from the WHI trial of increased risk of probable dementia in women who start using continuous combined CEE and MPA after the age of 65. It is unknown whether the findings apply to younger post-menopausal women or other HRT products.

• Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

- The metabolism of estrogens may be increased by concomitant use of substances known to induce drug-metabolising enzymes, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as anticonvulsants (e.g. phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamezapine) and anti-infectives (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, nevirapine, efavirenz).

- Ritonavir and nelfinavir, although known as strong inhibitors, by contrast exhibit inducing properties when used concomitantly with steroid hormones.

- Herbal preparations containing St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) may induce the metabolism of estrogens and progestagens.

- Clinically an increased metabolism of estrogens and progestagens may lead to decreased effect and changes in the uterine bleeding profile.

Pregnancy

Fematab is not indicated during pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs during medication with Fematab, treatment should be withdrawn immediately.

The results of most epidemiological studies to date relevant to inadvertent foetal exposure to estrogens indicate no teratogenic or foetotoxic effects.

Lactation:

Fematab is not indicated during lactation.

Fematab does not affect the ability to drive or use machines

Undesirable effects reported in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience are the following:

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism have been reported.

Breast Cancer

According to evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies and one randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the overall risk of breast cancer increases with increasing duration of HRT use in current or recent HRT users.

For estrogen-only HRT, estimates of relative risk (RR) from a reanalysis of original data from 51 epidemiological studies (in which >80% of HRT use was estrogen-only HRT) and from the epidemiological Million Women Study (MWS) are similar at 1.35 (95%CI 1.21 – 1.49) and 1.30 (95%CI 1.21 – 1.40), respectively.

For estrogen plus progestagen combined HRT, several epidemiological studies have reported an overall higher risk for breast cancer than with estrogens alone.

The MWS reported that, compared to never users, the use of various types of estrogen-progestagen combined HRT was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (RR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.88 – 2.12) than use of estrogens alone (RR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.21 – 1.40) or use of tibolone (RR=1.45; 95%CI 1.25-1.68).

The WHI trial reported a risk estimate of 1.24 (95%CI 1.01 – 1.54) after 5.6 years of use of estrogen-progestagen combined HRT (CEE + MPA) in all users compared with placebo.

The absolute risks calculated from the MWS and the WHI trials are presented below:

The MWS has estimated, from the known average incidence of breast cancer in developed countries, that:

The WHI trial estimated that after 5.6 years of follow-up of women between the ages of 50 and 79 years, an additional 8 cases of invasive breast cancer would be due to estrogen-progestagen combined HRT (CEE + MPA) per 10,000 women years.

According to calculations from the trial data, it is estimated that:

The number of additional cases of breast cancer in women who use HRT is broadly similar for women who start HRT irrespective of age at start of use (between the ages of 45-65) (see section 4.4).'

Endometrial cancer

In women with an intact uterus, the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer increases with increasing duration of use of unopposed estrogens. According to data from epidemiological studies, the best estimate of the risk is that for women not using HRT, about 5 in every 1000 are expected to have endometrial cancer diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 65. Depending on the duration of treatment and estrogen dose, the reported increase in endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users varies from 2-to 12-fold greater compared with non-users. Adding a progestagen to estrogen-only therapy greatly reduces this increased risk.

Other adverse reactions have been reported in association with estrogen/progestagen treatment:

- Estrogen-dependent neoplasms benign and malignant, e.g. endometrial cancer.

- Venous thromboembolism, i.e. deep leg or pelvic venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is more frequent among hormone replacement therapy users than among non-users. For further information, see section 4.3 Contraindications and 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use.

- Probable dementia (see section 4.4)

Both estradiol and dydrogesterone are substances with low toxicity. Theoretically, symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sleepiness and dizziness could occur in cases of overdosing. It is unlikely that any specific or symptomatic treatment will be necessary. Aforementioned information is applicable for overdosing by children also.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain. ATC code: G03 CA03

Estradiol

The active ingredient, synthetic 17β-estradiol, is chemically and biologically identical to endogenous human estradiol. It substitutes for the loss of estrogen production in menopausal women, and alleviates menopausal symptoms. Estrogens prevent bone loss following menopause or ovariectomy.

Combined therapy with progestagens is also recommended in hysterectomised women with a history of endometriosis as cancer development in extra-uterine endometriotic implants in women on estrogen-only therapy has been reported (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions).

Clinical trial information

• Relief of estrogen-deficiency symptoms and bleeding patterns

- Relief of menopausal symptoms was achieved during the first few weeks of treatment.

- Regular withdrawal bleeding in women treated with Fematab 1mg daily for 28 days and Dydrogesterone 10mg daily for the last 12-14 days of a 28 day cycle, occurred in approximately 75-80% of women with a mean duration of 5 days. Withdrawal bleeding usually started on the day of the last pill of the progestagen phase. Break-through bleeding and/or spotting occurred in approximately 10% of the women; amenorrhoea occurred in 10 - 25% of the women per cycle during the first year of treatment.

- In women treated with Fematab 2mg daily for 28 days and Dydrogesterone 10mg daily for the last 12-14 days of a 28 day cycle, approximately 90% of women had regular withdrawal bleeding. The start day and duration of bleeding, and the number of women with intermittent bleeding was the same as with Fematab 1mg, amenorrhoea (no bleeding or spotting) occurred in 5 - 15% of the women per cycle during the first year of treatment.

• Prevention of osteoporosis

- Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with an increasing bone turnover and decline in bone mass. The effect of estrogens on the bone mineral density is dose-dependent. Protection appears to be effective for as long as treatment is continued. After discontinuation of HRT, bone mass is lost at a rate similar to that in untreated women.

- Evidence from the WHI trial and meta-analysed trials shows that current use of HRT, alone or in combination with a progestagen – given to predominantly healthy women – reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and other osteoporotic fractures. HRT may also prevent fractures in women with low bone density and/or established osteoporosis, but the evidence for that is limited.

- After two years of treatment with Fematab 1mg, the increase in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) was 5.2% ± 3.7% (mean ± SD). The percentage of women who maintained or gained BMD in lumbar zone during treatment was 95%. For Fematab 2mg the increase in lumbar spine BMD was 6.6% ± 3.8% (mean ± SD), and the percentage of women with no change or an increase in lumbar spine BMD was 95%.

- Fematab also had an effect on hip BMD. The increase after two years of treatment with 1mg estradiol was 2.7% ± 4.2% (mean ± SD) at femoral neck, 3.5% +/- 5.0% (mean ± SD) at trochanter and 2.7%± 6.7% (mean ± SD) at Wards triangle, after two years of treatment with 2mg estradiol these figures where respectively, 2.6% ± 5.0%; 4.6% ± 5.0% and 4.1% ± 7.4%. The percentage of women who maintained or gained BMD in the 3 hip areas after treatment with 1mg estradiol was 67-78% and 71-88% after treatment with 2mg estradiol.

Orally administered estradiol, comprising particles whose size has been reduced to less than 5 micrometre, is quickly and efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The primary unconjugated and conjugated metabolites are estrone and estrone sulphate. These metabolites can contribute to the estrogen effect, both directly and after conversion to estradiol. Estrogens are excreted in the bile and reabsorbed from the intestine. During this enterohepatic cycle the estrogens are broken down. Estrogens are excreted in the urine as biologically inactive glucuronide and sulphate compounds (90 to 95%), or in the faeces (5 to 10%), mostly unconjugated. Estrogens are secreted in the milk of nursing mothers.

The C_average is 58 pg/ml, the C_min is 44 pg/ml and the C_max is 93 pg/ml. The E1/E2 (Estrone/Estradiol) ratio is 5.8.

Estrogens are secreted in the milk of nursing mothers.

Supraphysiologically high doses (prolonged overdoses) of estradiol have been associated with the induction of tumours in estrogen-dependent target organs for all rodent species tested. The changes observed with dydrogesterone in animal toxicity studies are characteristic for progesterone-like compounds. In-vitro and in-vivo data gave no indications of mutagenic effects of dydrogesterone. In long-term studies, doses administered to rats and mice were sufficient to produce hormone-mediated changes, but did not provide tumorogenic potential.

Lactose monohydrate

Hypromellose

Maize starch

Colloidal anhydrous silica

Magnesium stearate

Opadry OY 6957 Pink coating containing:

Macrogol 400

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Hypromellose

Black, red and yellow iron oxides (E172).

Not applicable.

3 years.

Do not store above 30°C.

Blister strips of 28 tablets. The blister strip is made of PVC film with covering Aluminium foil. Each carton contains 28 tablets.

No special requirements

Abbott Healthcare Products Ltd

Mansbridge Road

West End

Southampton

SO18 3JD

UK

PA 108/18/1

Date of first authorisation: 12 December 1994

Date of last renewal: 12 December 2009

August 2011